Category Archives: Healthy Solutions

Q & A: Hormones and Acne

Hormones, Questions and Answers, Skin Health, , , , , , ,

Question:

Thank you for taking time to look into this for me!

Ever since I started on the IUD I have had acne, mostly located around my jaw and mouth, with a little scattered on my forehead. I’ve tried lots of cleaners and moisturizers but nothing helps. It does fluctuate throughout the month, depending on when my cycle is it gets worse right before.

I’m on the IUD to help with my period as it has always been extremely heavy flow with cramps. As well as for birth control. Period used to last for 7-11 days. It would be a heavy flow with a supersize tampon that I had to change every hour or two for the first 4/5 days and then just normal after that. Still using tampons frequently though.

Last year my doctor prescribed minocycline. I took that pill every day for three months as prescribed, my face cleared up completely but once that ran out it came back. My doctor said if it was acne it would come back, but if it was just a skin infection it would stay away. So I have acne.

Last week she prescribed a medicated cream that I could take indefinitely,. I have to call to ask what was in it as I don’t remember the drugs but I didn’t end up buying it. It was $260 for the bottle that would last possibly two months. I’m still willing to try this but wasn’t expecting that cost and would like to go a more natural route if possible.
She did mention that it might be due to high estrogen levels in me but didn’t speak to extensively on that.

I’m happy to do blood work or anything like that if you need. Look forward to hearing your thoughts and if you have any questions I’m happy to answer !
Thank you

SMH

Answer:

Due to the cyclic nature of the acne, it definitely sounds hormonally driven, rather than caused by infection, which can be another major factor in acne and other skin conditions. 

A hormonal balance like this is often improved within 3 months with Women’s Formula. Have you ever used it? One would usually use 2- 3x = 6/day for 1st bottle. Often one will notice at least some improvement in this time. Then next bottle can be decreased to 2 x 2= 4 day.  

Yes, the medication minocycline is for acne. It can relieve symptoms but does not address the cause, which is why it returned when you stopped. Antibiotics also destroy your gut bacteria, or microbiome,  and can lead to Candida / yeast infection, which can also contribute to acne.  Long term use of antibiotics is very detrimental to health. After 40 years consulting, I have never met a person who is sick because they have a deficiency of antibiotics. That applies for most drugs.

The pricing for this drug  is ridiculous! Likely in the range of 300 – 400 % mark-up, as with many drugs. Also, please look up the side effects, and send me the link. This should help your decision. 

Going natural is a smart decision on your part, especially if you are looking to bring your hormones into balance for optimum long term health.

Re the doctor suggesting it might be estrogen. Back to the Women’s Formula. If given the tools, your body will balance the hormones you need, whether it be estrogen, progesterone or testosterone. I will email you some separate Fact sheets on this formula.

In addition, diet is always a factor. I think with your lifestyle, you probably know the culprits of too much sugar, bad fats or processed carbs. A quick reference to see how on track your diet is can be found here: Optimum Diet. 

Drinking Chlorophyll – at least 10 ml. per day re-mineralizes your body, balances pH, and provides gentle cleansing.

Other topical aids for acne are: washing with a natural , non chemical soap to which you add a couple of drops of tea tree oil.  The moisturize with Pau D’Arco Lotion, which is excellent for all skin conditions. The other option is Silver Gel. A little goes a long way for both of these products.

Dietary suggestions are covered in more detail in The Paw Paw Program book, will give you more detail. This book is for all health, not just Cancer treatment and prevention.

Please contact us to help you get the correct formula as links can change. Plus we can make sure you receive  20 – 25% discount; Free Shipping, plus our consulting expertise at discount. We will place 1st order for you at no charge.

 

Move over Birds – The Monkeys May Take Over….

Herbal Wisdom, Immune Tips, , , , , , , , , , , ,

It seems that Monkey Pox might be chosen as the next Plandemic. (post April, 2020)

And  just 2 weeks ago, we were led to believe it would be the Avian Flu. 

Whichever WHO (World Health Organization)  and UN (United Nations) choose for another World Health Emergency never fear, herbs are here.

They have been for millennium, and guess why? They work?

Check out some older posts under the heading Immune Tips: https://www.naturalpathremedies.com/blog/category/healthy-solutions/tips-for-immunity/

Take your pick;  there are many options that work. The name of the disease is not  important – build your immunity and your body will do what it needs to do to keep you healthy!

If you need assistance, contact our office, and leave your phone number and time zone for fastest response. Since 1985, Lorene has offered education, not obligation.

Money Pox    What Is It ?

If you need to understand more, this 19 min. news cast explains How They Will Control All of Us.    At  3 minutes the World Health Organization prepping to declare another World Health Emergency. Remember that CA and US have agreed to follow whatever they say. This will enable them to force the next vaccine, lock downs,  control via vaccine cards (starting in 5 EU countries Sept. 2024) , digital currency, and hardships to further effect their  “You Will Own Nothing and Be Happy” Plan.

Do not fall for this again!  ENOUGH is ENOUGH! 
Educate, Do Not Consent, Speak Out for Yourself and Future Generations!

 

Tips to Make the Avian Flu Fly Away (and other infections)

Cold & Flu Tips, COVID-19, Healthy Solutions, Silver, Vaccines, , , , , , , , , ,
UPDATED August, 2024:

Looks like the Avian flu will be our next plandemic. Be prepared for another onslaught of fear based propaganda.

“They” have had years since my 2009 post to ensure the avian flu will transmit to other species, in their biolabs. They have had 15 YEARS to refine their media propaganda campaigns.

They will use this as a great excuse to further reduce our REAL food supply,  already happening with chickens and eggs;  turkeys and cows, and spend yet more billions of YOUR taxpayers’ money to enrich Big Pharma and global  control over chemical food, every human activity and every personal choice.

If you are not aware of any of  this, or who “they” is, just read a few my many research articles on the Convid/ Covid) Plandemic, since Mar 2020.  Time for everyone to protect any freedoms for future generations. Learn to say “I DO NOT CONSENT“, and stick to your convictions. Trust the real science, your common sense, and not the govt talking heads.

UPDATED Jan, 2020:

Tips to Make the Avian Flu Fly Away applies to ALL infectious conditions, viral and bacterial, including CoronaVirus, SARS, Swine, all varieties of “Flu” , Colds, Rhinovirus, MRSA, Strep, and any other “epidemic” threatening to wipe out human existence and frighten us into injecting more vaccine toxins into our already overloaded bodies.

Natural healing works to bring the body into balance and maintain our natural immunity, which is our best defence. It will not weaken our system, nor contribute to creation of anti-biotic resistant mutations, which is what has happened with pharmaceutical overuse and misuse.

Herbs that worked during the 1800’s plague;  Chinese anti-viral herbs that have worked for 5,000 years, like VS-C  (liquid or capsules) in US ;  HRP-C – liquid or capsules in CA; and adaptogens such as Astragalus; plus improved processing of products like ionic Silver, will continue to  work to our benefit.

Original post Oct 18, 2008
Five inexpensive and SAFE suggestions for those who are worried about any seasonal infections:

1. Drink 1 capful  (about 4 ml) of NSP Silver Shield Liquid per day. If you have researched and can find another fully lab-tested, certified nano particle silver solution that has a solid track record, then use this.

2. Use NSP Silver Shield Liquid in a spray bottle to:

  • inhale
  • sterilize hands
  • take a swig, gargle  and hold 6 minutes, then swallow, at the first sign of any throat irritation
  • Silver Shield Liquid can also be put into nasal spray bottles (available at our office), to help get it farther into nasal passages and for sinus related conditions
  • Silver Shield is far more effective than Colloidal Silver  – learn the difference.

3. Take 1-4 per day of Nature’s Sunshine quality Vitamin D3. How much? This depends!Up to 10,000 IU per day, depending on your outdoor activities, diet, age, latitude, and state of immune function. Multiple research confirms the beneficial role of Vit. D3 in treatment and  prevention of Cancer, Diabetes, MS, osteoporosis, depression, immune function…..to name a few.  Click on search bar in top right of blog for more research on Vit. D3 or contact Lorene for assistance.

4. And from one of Dr. Pedersen’s webinars for doctors and other health professionals, who are likely people to come in contact with this flu and many other infections on a daily basis:
Dab some NSP Silver Shield Gel in each nostril 1-3 times a day; it keeps your mucous membranes naturally moist. In addition,  the Silver will kill inhaled contaminants. We always use this when flying or in any crowded, enclosed area for hours, such as schools, shopping malls, parties…..

5. Check out my “TIPS TO BALANCE YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM” …..comments welcome!

Remember – whether our body is a good host to germs, viruses and any pathogens is up to us! This is all dependant upon our diet, stress levels, and seasonal cleansing to help keep it clean and pure so we do NOT provide a good host.

Should all the above measures not all be in place and you do find yourself sick, please check out “CRISIS MANAGEMENT” on our website.

Be healthy, happy and wise!

Note re links:
Links change more often than we would like;  please contact Benoit Health Education to ensure you get the right product at the best price….PLUS free S/H to your door. No obligations,; just great education! You can also call our office 250-748-6802 and leave a message. A real woman will return your call.

Science on the Covid Injections as of July 2024

COVID-19, Vaccines, , ,
Some people still have not heard the FACT that Covid injections are not what they were promised. They have been SCIENTIFICALLY AND EMPIRICALLY PROVEN to be NEITHER SAFE, NOR EFFECTIVE.
I REPEAT  – NEITHER SAFE, NOR EFFECTIVE.

I also need to make sure you understand why I call these an injection, or jab, or vax, or shot, because they are NOT what vaccines used to be. Hopefully by now you are aware that the definition of a vaccine was changed to promote these dangerous injections. Yes, the world has been duped. But enough of that.

Don’t blame yourself if you were coerced or lied into taking any of these jabs. It was a world-wide concerted effort of power, control and greed, YEARS in the planning.
This compilation of research should be enough to prove to anyone who can understand science or research as it is supposed to be:

Scientific Studies on Vaccine Injuries

Thanks to KC for compiling the above list and for sharing via Dr. Malone.

Other articles about this injection, and every other vaccine, can be found on my website:  Vaccine Education.  There are MANY, as I have been studying vaccines since 1982.

If you are dealing with the consequences of Vax damage, such as any of the hundreds of side effects reported in the vax trials,  myocarditis, turbo cancers, or other unexplained symptoms, please contact me for a personalized program to cleanse and re-build your immune system to help overcome the negative effects and improve your overall health.

And PLEASE, do not take any more boosters! Each one further increases your chances of losing the Russian Roulette game.

I get scientific reports daily of side effects, including excess mortality – increased with each additional vaccine. mRNA technology and nanobot transmitters are now being researched for ALL vaccines. Although no vaccine ever protected your health, now ALL are outright dangerous.

The Covid Injection has proven that even the manufacturers either don’t know, or are outright lying, about what the ingredients are, such as foreign DNA. They also did not know what the spike proteins did or or where these went in the body.

I encourage you to do your own research, as long as you don’t rely on mainstream media or government sponsored sources as reliable or current.  The above list, and those on my website are reliable sources.

One more recent video worth watching:
Vaxxed 3

Herbs for Thyroid

Success Stories, Thyroid Health, ,

Hi Lorene,
Just wanted to let you know that I’ve finished all the Nature’s Sunshine Black Walnut you got for me. I  am still taking 2 caps of NSP Kelp/day. Had my Dr. order a thyroid blood test on Tuesday and he phoned me the result yesterday which was 3, down from 6 when I had my  medical . So it working well.

I tried about 3 weeks of the prescribed thyroid medication which didn’t agree with me at all.

I had no problem at all with the Black Walnut or Kelp and I’m very pleased with the result of this last blood test.

I thank you so much for your help and it’s wonderful to know that you are only a phone call away.
Jill

Immune system affected by Bifidophilus loss

COVID-19, Immune Tips, Vaccines, , , , , , , , ,

This medical researcher proved the negative impact the spike protein from Covid vax causes to gut health microbiome and immune system.   You can watch the 7 min. info-packed video below, but here is my take away summary.

After determining that these injections decimated the gut microflora , specifically Bifido bacteria, researchers tested efficient ways to re-build a healthy  microbiome. Their research team tested  27 products. Only 3 of of 27 products  had enough active Bifidobacteria to get the desired increase, despite whatever was on the label.

Customers need to be very aware of Quality issues. This is one reason we have personally used and recommended Nature’s Sunshine products for our clients. since 1991.

With Nature’s Sunshine unsurpassed quality and in house products, what is on the label, is IN the bottle. All our probiotics also contain prebiotics. The importance of these is explained below. We have seen the results with both of these probiotics.  based on years of improved immunity and overall health for our clients ! We recommend one of these 2 products:

  1. Bifidophilus Flora Force  CA and  Bifidophilus Flora Force US , containing 1 Billion  Bifidophilus .
  2. Probiotic Eleven CA,  and Probiotic Eleven , US, containing 600 Million Bifidobacteria , plus ten other strains, totalling 4 Billion.

To  learn more about how your microbiome affects overall health and immunity, watch the interview with the researcher – seven minutes:  https://www.facebook.com/paul.aldridge.1840/videos/95569577896019.

Update April 25, 2024: the video has unfortunately been removed – censorship of truth is well and alive. If I can find the video elsewhere I will add it. The article emphasized different brands of probiotics tested in the study. They ranged from totally ineffective to very effective, so as always, QUALITY  is essential.  I did find other supporting research.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358496392_Gut_microbiota_composition_is_associated_with_SARS-CoV-2_vaccine_immunogenicity_and_adverse_events
The gut microbiota plays a key role in modulating host immune response. We conducted a prospective, observational study to examine gut microbiota composition in association with immune responses and adverse events in adults who have received the inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac; Sinovac) or the mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2; BioNTech; Comirnaty).
Conclusion: Our study has identified specific gut microbiota markers in association with improved immune response and reduced adverse events following COVID-19 vaccines.

 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33281941/: …the gut microbiome plays a significant role in immune regulation, and hence may be pivotal in influencing the immune response to COVID-19.  Importantly, our understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in COVID-19 infection remains in its infancy, but future research may potentially aid our mechanistic understanding of viral infection, and new ways in which we might approach treating it.

 

More on Probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics:

are all beneficial to our gut health, but are different in nature and in function.

Prebiotics

Probiotics help to restore the balance of good bacteria in our gut and may offer various health benefits, including:

  • Improved digestive health: Probiotics can help to alleviate symptoms of digestive disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and diarrhea.
  • Boosted immune system: Probiotics can help to enhance our immune system by producing certain antibodies and stimulating the activity of immune cells.
  • Reduced risk of infections: Probiotics can help to prevent and treat various infections such as urinary tract infections, vaginal infections, and respiratory infections.
  • Improved mental health: There is evidence that probiotics may help to improve our mental health by reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression.
  • Other potential benefits: Probiotics may also have potential benefits for skin health, weight management, and reducing the risk of certain cancers.

Prebiotics

Prebiotics are a type of dietary fibre that is not digested by the human body but serves as food for beneficial bacteria in the gut.

Postbiotics

Postbiotics are bioactive compounds that are metabolic by-products produced by the fermentation of of dietary fibre by gut bacteria.

Probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics are all beneficial to our gut health.

 

As always, if you would like further assistance with your health issues, or a live professional to help you choose the best health supplements, at the best price, please Contact our Office.

 

Do you want to live a longer, healthier life?

Healthy Solutions, , , , , ,
I couldn’t have said it better?
There was a  poignant meme,  which someone, somewhere has censored.  Meaning it must have been the truth you are not supposed to know about.

It was about learning to look after yourself and avoiding the medical cartel whenever possible. For a car accident, broken bones,  anaphylactic shock, heart attack, etc. Yes! seek EMERGENCY medical assistance, but then get back to natural healing ASAP to get back to better health.

 

This has been the experience for our family and a network of many thousands of clients who have achieved better health via education in the use of herbs, natural foods, mental /emotional health.

Basically following Chapter 6 in The Paw Paw Program:   The Road to Wellness – The Four Pillars of Health.

With the recommendations of government health enforcers since 2020, we have seen the medical system get worse, more dangerous, and definitely NOT following the science.

Fresh air, sunshine, and COMMUNITY are determinants of health.

Isolation and separation never improves health.

Contact us if you choose to start on your journey to optimum health.

Q&A: Anti Aging – Fountain of Youth?

Bone Health, Questions and Answers, Success Stories, , , , , , , , , , , ,

Question:

I would like to know if there is a herb or substance I can take to improve my muscle tone and perhaps muscle size.  I don’t really expect to recover my youth.  But would like to add anything to my routine of regular exercise and good diet, that may help my muscle tone and/or size ?
So now that you have picked yourself up off the floor from laughter; maybe  you could make a suggestion of a herb,  or a hormone,  or maybe a plastic surgeon (just kidding) that  could help.
Please don’t take this too seriously, but – HELP !!!!!  (just kidding again)  Thanks much, all the best, D

Answer:

No joke D, your concerns are shared by most people over 60, myself included.
Many magic fountain of youth formulations have been touted for years; I have never known any of these to be scientifically backed. However, there are certain things I believe help, which I personally use; some of them for years. The evidence and research is solid, and I have seen positive results during my 40 years of helping people.

 

I take Melatonin, Collagen powder and Skeletal Strength every night before bed.
I sleep like a baby and so far, touch wood, have none of the aches and pains that many in their 70’s have to deal with.

* Melatonin Extra

Melatonin has many advantages, in addition to helping many people sleep more soundly, Sleep is when the body rebuilds and regenerates all cells, including organs and bones.
 As explained on p. 63 of my Paw Paw Program book. Melatonin is not only an essential hormone, from which other hormones can be created; but a potent anti-oxidant; it slows abnormal cell growth; and is critical for natural healing processes.

* Collagen

Collagen that I use contains effective peptides derived from grass-fed, pasture-raised cows, leading to substantial beauty & wellness benefits.  A quality processed Collagen contains premium collagen peptides. Studies have shown that when collagen hydrolysate is taken orally, it is absorbed as di- and tripeptides (two or three amino acids) typically rich in hydroxyproline. These smaller peptides are able to  reach target tissues like skin or cartilage where they help support collagen-producing cells (fibroblasts).

  • Supports healthy skin, hair and nails
  • Supports joints, bones, and gut health
  • Promotes elasticity and hydration
  • Offer a clean, effective source of pure protein
  • Aid in promoting and maintaining a more youthful appearance

* Skeletal Strength

Skeletal Strength is the ultimate combination of more than 20  vitamins, minerals and specially chosen herbs for enhanced nutritional support, known to support  your bones & healthy teeth. Plus it’s great for what’s NOT in there… For example, our calcium citrate is free of pesticides, animal derivatives, allergens and gluten. It’s also Kosher and Halal certified. Our vitamin D3 is non-GMO and allergen-free.

  • Vital for Bones, Muscles, Ligaments, Tendons, and Skin
  • Provides nutrients for proper structural system function
I follow the dietary suggestions in my book. Plus there are a few healthy recipes. No matter what diet you choose to follow, keto, vegan, intermittent fasting, blood type, always includes more  low carbohydrate vegetables and fruits. Here are 2 or 3 other articles that deal more specifically with diet. 

In my 284 page book I cover the 4 Pillars of Health. Two more Lifestyle Pillars are:

  • Exercise -to build muscles, one must use them! Weight bearing exercises are essential for building the bone matrix – i.e. flexible and strong bones.
  • Stress – destroys many nutrients, in addition to affecting our emotional & mental health.  Managing stress is important.

All pillars of health are essential for healthy aging.

To order my book for detailed why’s and hows, including a few recipes. Canadians save money if you contact me to order this book. US clients can order using PayPal button in top R of this page:  Paw Paw Program

*Should you choose to purchase any product recommendations

Links change frequently so please contact Lorene if I can be of assistance to you in your natural health journey. I can help you get the best product, 20-25% discount, plus Free Shipping, with no obligation.

 

Note that someone will receive a commission when you purchase any health supplement, whether the company, some unknown Amazon seller, or me. If you go through me, or an associate who works with me, you will get professional support in addition to the discounts and Free S/H.

 

Warnings on Natural Products – should you worry?

Colon/Cleansing, Parasites, Questions and Answers, , , , , , , , , ,

Question:

Sorry to have to ask about this but pretty important for my health.

I was going to start Para Pak tomorrow, full moon as you suggested.

HOWEVER I read the “Risk Information” and it would appear not many (if anyone) should take the supplements. One of the reasons I want to take this is I am quite sure my issue is parasites. I have taken a course of Wormwood and digestive enzymes and had some relief thought this might clear every thing up. I still have diarrhea although I get to sleep all night now YAY!!! The Risk Info warns against taking Para Pak if you have that. Can you give me some guidance? Have you ever read the Risk Info? It’s extensive!!! Do you have clients who’ve taken it? Are they house bound for the entire time?

TIA!

Answer:

Not a problem to ask this, as yes, it is important. I do get this question once in awhile, and finally found the time to write  a post on it.
 

Yes, we have used this product, Para Pak for 20- 25 years, at least, with very good results.
Nothing has changed in all those years. EXCEPT unHealth Canada warnings. Every time they want to make work for themselves, get a raise, get bonuses, or please the BIg Pharma lobbyists (Millions of $ of bribes every year), they apply new regulations, new warnings, new fake “adverse effects”. They have never been capable if divulging any details, medical reports to show any evidence of any harm from herbs or other natural supplements.

 
There has been one I can remember in 30+ years. A “natural” supplement approved by unHealth Canada, was found to contain a diet drug. It was pulled.It was not from a reputable company like Nature’s Sunshine, which has the been the leader in Quality since 1972.
 
There has never been one proven death nor serious side effect in Canada from approved natural health products that are from quality sources.
 
Compare this to hundreds of drugs that are pulled every year due to serious side effects, including death.  There  more than 100,000 documented  adverse events every year from pharmaceuticals.  Many millions more since Covid. You were unfortunately one victim of this corrupt system. And you know how hard it is to get a doctor to submit one of those adverse reaction reports, right?
 
This constant change costs the health food industry and therefore the consumers inordinate price increases in natural products, which are our birthright.In Canada, Bill C-37, clauses 500-504 are just another example. Millions of Canadians have responded to this, and it will likely become  an election issue.

Rather than testing product suppliers like they used to, they just blanket all products with Risk warnings.
 
Luckily, I have the fact sheet from 2004 for this exact SAME product, which I sent you.

You will notice there are NO warnings. Every  2 or 3, or 5 years,  the warnings increase. And you are absolutely right – if people believe these cautions, no one would take any natural supplement.
 
Hmmm…..do you wonder if that is the idea behind this?
 
If people ever read the counter-indications for any pharmaceutical, they would never take a drug either, which would be a good thing. Unfortunately this door doesn’t swing both ways. I find this puzzling when one looks at any warnings on pharmaceuticals. Most include multiple serious adverse effects, and many conclude with, “….and may cause death”. Doesn’t seem to stop anyone.
 
And you well know,  who lobbies, rather bribes, unHealth Canada? Of Course, pharmaceuticical companies. They do not want any competition.
 
The good news is – more people are learning – latest surveys say at least 74% Canadians are using natural health products. These are the wise ones who question and discern.

Somewhat like mainstream news – believe the opposite.

 

PS     If you get  “housebound”, from this, or any other detox or cleanse, just slow down the dosage -and  please contact us if you have any further questions.

If anyone reading this would like to join the majority who know the benefits of herbs and other natural health products, please contact us to get you started with professional expertise since 1983.

We have used Nature’s Sunshine Products since 1985, and can ensure that you get results. If you use our sponsor #1143615, you get our support to choose best products for your conditions, in addition to 20-25% discount and free S/H. As I do not find their website first time freindly, we do not charge to get your first order figured out.
 

Lest We Forget About Truth and Freedom

COVID-19, Vaccines, , , , , , , , ,

Since my last entry “Should You Take The Next Booster?“, I had many people submit supporting research, several of which I added in the Comments  of that post. If you need truthful research to help your fellow mankind wade through propaganda, please do your part and share.

This 18 minute summary from Dr. Ryan Cole merits a new post. Dr. Cole is a well known pathologist, who also happens to be quite humorous. This very brief, but science packed presentation from Nov. 11th Florida Summit on COVID called “Food, Family and Medical Freedom”, is worthwhile and life saving.

Dr. Cole calls for a “ Return to Real Health and Wellness”, versus Wealth and Hellness“.

If you want assistance in seeking real health and wellness for you or your family, contact Benoit Health Education to guide you. We have been helping people gain optimum health for over 40 years, and are committed to HELPING YOU HELP YOURSELF, using natural approaches, such as Dr. Cole refers to in the above presentation.